The salvage/recycling pathway for NAD+ biosynthesis from nicotinamide riboside (NR) in manNR, taken in to the body, can be converted to nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) by one of two highly conserved NR kinases in the cytoplasm (pathway 1a). NAM (nicotinamide) can also be converted by NMN synthetase to NMN (pathway 1b). NMN is further converted to NAD+ by the action of one of three adenylyltransferases (NMNAT1‐3) that also acts on NaMN (nicotinic acid mononucleotide) to produce NaAD+ (nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide). The latter is subsequently converted by NAD synthase to NAD+. Nicotinic acid (Na) feeds into the pathway through conversion to NaMN by Na phosphoribosyltransferase (pathway 1c). Tryptophan is the de novo precursor of NAD+ that also feeds into NaMN synthesis via a multistep pathway (2) described in Bogan and Brenner (2008). Robert N Lightowlers, and Zofia MA Chrzanowska‐Lightowlers EMBO Mol Med. 2014;emmm © as stated in the article, figure or figure legend.

Definition of Anti-Aging

Anti-Aging is the practice, procedure, or a dietary regimen by which the natural process of aging is slowed down for an indefinite period of time. This is done by utilizing natural dietary sources or medical procedures. Even though aging occurs to everyone and it is known as an unavoidable law of nature, no one wants to go through it and get white hair or wrinkles. This is the reason why a great deal of exploration both in scientific and medical areas has been directed to understand how aging symptoms can be slowed down. A fruitful formula for anti-aging is based on a naturally occurring organic molecule “Nicotinamide Mononucleotide” which is commonly known as NMN.

How does NMN slow down aging?

Nicotinamide Mononucleotide is actually is a scientific term for a molecule which originates from Vitamin B. It is found in all living things and can be consumed in the form of supplements or pills. This molecule or all the more explicitly, nucleotide, improves and directs a lot of cycles in the body which are crucial to digestion and overall health. For instance, the benefits of glucose tolerance, expanded insulin creation and removing diabetes are some of the main things NMN is assigned for. Furthermore, the assembling of new cells,

re-establishing crucial proteins and avoiding oxidation (which initiates the aging process) is properly done by Nicotinamide Mononucleotide. This is the reason why it is hailed as the major organic molecule which protects the body against aging and aging symptoms. Direct use of the nucleotide or taking it in the form of drug both are accessible. Following are the best anti-aging supplementation in the market.

1-  Infinite Age NMN, NAD Precursor Supplement

These powder capsules are ideal for turning on the genes which prolong the life expectancy. In addition, it levels up the production of energy, blood flow and heart and brain health, immune system, endurance and metabolism. By fixing DNA and decreasing anxiety, you will naturally feel younger and healthier. This medication offers the availability of NMN molecules in 99.5% purity. Both life span and well-being is improved in light of the fact that the Infinite Age supplement increases the percentage of NAD+ in the blood flow. Muscle strength and brain health are the main objectives of the medicine as these aspects are

influenced the most by aging. The anti-aging gene called Sirtuins is boosted in order to increase the lifespan.

2-  GeneX Formulas NMN capsules

This brand GeneX is famous in the production of NMN aging Supplements. Moreover, their medicines are available in both powder and capsules. The formulas of this brand make the veins grow stronger which results in a smooth blood flow. These vegetarian pills are available in the 125 mg dosage. They improve the endurance and vitality levels. The muscle development is initiated as well which improves health. The weight that is gained through old age is decreased and additionally, insulin sensitivity is enhanced.

Cerebrovascular and neurodegenerative disease is the leading cause of death in most cases of brain illnesses. Oxidative stress leads to the death neural death in cases such as stroke and oxidative reactions that are in arteriosclerosis, the primary pathological condition leading to stroke.

The neuroprotective effects of senolytics therapies show that flavonoids induce the growth of neurite in brain cells. Which also indicate the differentiation in neurons. Fisetin is the most effective flavonoid that promotes neurite growth. Investigating if the activation of cells by Fisetin is needed for their growth, researchers use three unrelated inhibitors. A similar effect is noted when treatment is done with the same inhibitors on Fisetin controlled growth.

There is consistency with previous studies showing how these activations provide neuroprotection while at the same time accelerate neural cell death. Moreover, reduced signaling in the cells that activate normal brain cell activities is observed in patients who have Huntington’s disease. This signals that the activation of some cells may introduce a new senolytic and therapeutic approach to tame neural dysfunction.

In relation to the mediated neurotrophic effects of Fisetin, most research data indicate that Fisetin does not enhance the exertion of the inhibitory effect on cell signaling. Fisetin suppresses the activation of some inhibitors in lipopolysaccharide. A comparative study involving apigenin, luteolin, and Fisetin was done as a study of their inhibitory effects and transcription activation. Evidence from this study indicates Fisetin suppress the invasion and migration of the lung cancer cells through inhibition of some cell activity. Given these outcomes that show some conflicting results is an indicator that more studies need to be done so that a conclusive report on the dual effects of Fisetin on brain cell signals and presentation of the mechanisms taking place on the healthy cells and cancer cells.

Fisetin has been used to show the effect pathways involved in the maintenance of neuronal functions during aging. It acts an antioxidant, maintains the mitochondrial function when oxidative stress is increasing, offers anti-inflammatory protection against microlial cells and inhibits the activity of 5-lypoxygenase  that show how Fisetin can reduce the age-related decline in brain functions.

The ability of Fisetin to safeguard neural dysfunction was examined in three different models of Huntington’s disease:

1. In cells that express mutant Huntington protein after the induction of inducible promoter
2. In Drosophila expressing mutation of Httex1
3. In the mouse model

All the three instances show that Fisetin reduces the impact of mutant huntingtin protein in all three observations above and are useful in the treatment of HD by reducing activation cells related to HD mutant protein.

As an antidepressant, Fisetin and its mechanism were observed in previous studies. Data coming from despair tests on mouse models show that Fisetin dose can inhibit movement time when seen in behavioral experiments. The Fisetin doses may affect the cell movement and response and do not affect locomotor activity.

More studies on Fisetin and its noradregic and sarotergenic properties. The higher dose of Fisetin counteracts the hypothermia induction by reserpine and leads to an increase in serotonin and noradrenaline levels in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. This increase is enough proof that the antidepressant effect of Fisetin is due to the regulation of central serotonin levels.

Explaining the subconscious can be challenging. The greatest minds of previous generations, like Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, spent much of their careers trying to wrap their heads around the difference between the conscious mind and the subconscious mind.

Even today, you’ll run across psychiatrists who insist on dubbing it the “unconscious mind” and who take a more limited view of the concept as it applies to therapeutically beneficial disciplines.

But the truth is that the subconscious mind is real, it is vast, and more importantly, it is under our control.

The Birth of the Subconscious

The subconscious has always been with us—the human mind cannot function without it. But how did our understanding of the subconscious come about?

The word “subconscious” is an anglicization of the French word “subconscient,” as coined by the psychologist Pierre Janet. Janet theorized that underneath the layers of critical components and functions of the conscious mind lay a powerful awareness that he described as the subconscious mind.

Freud first used the term in 1893 to describe associations and impulses that are not accessible to consciousness, while Jung argued that—because there is a limit to what is held in conscious focal awareness—there must be an alternative storehouse of one’s knowledge and experience.

In other words, the subconscious refers to both mental processing that occurs below awareness and content that resides below conscious awareness but that is capable of becoming conscious again. This back-and-forth between subconscious and conscious awareness is why a person under hypnosis can often recall events from years ago with perfect clarity, even if they don’t consciously retain that knowledge from day to day.

But what does the subconscious do for the human body?

What the Subconscious Does for People

First of all, the subconscious mind and the functions it controls—such as breathing, digestion, body temperature and the nervous system—keeps us alive.

Through your autonomic nervous system, the subconscious maintains equilibrium among the hundreds of chemicals in your body. This keeps your engine running and your bodily functions in harmony.

The function of the subconscious mind, other than the autonomic functions mentioned above, is to store and retrieve data. The best analogy for all the other functions that the subconscious serves is to imagine it as a vast memory bank. The subconscious mind stores all of your previous life experiences, memories, skills, your beliefs about the world and your sense of self. Its capacity is virtually unlimited and it permanently stores everything that has ever happened to you.

Hypnosis is an effective therapeutic strategy because it taps into the subconscious. It isn’t triggering a conscious memory that you carry with you on a day-to-day basis. Rather, hypnosis speaks directly to the subconscious, which can absorb or elevate memories as they are needed.

Underneath all that raising and absorbing of memories, your subconscious is working day and night to maintain a balance. And that balance is there to establish a pattern of behavior and response to stimuli that is consistent with your emotionalized thoughts, hopes and desires. It’s a kind of homeostasis that keeps you thinking and acting in a manner consistent with what you have done and said in the past.

We should note here that your subconscious mind is subjective. It does not think or reason independently; it merely obeys the commands that it receives from your conscious mind.

The conscious mind is responsible for logic, calculations, and decisions—all forms of action that you perform while you are awake and conscious. And during hypnotic intervention, the subconscious mind is particularly open to suggestion.

Here’s the rub: because your subconscious works so hard to maintain the pattern of behaviors that it has come to establish as your “normal” behavior, unhealthy habits can be very hard to break without outside intervention. Your subconscious mind causes you to feel emotionally and physically uncomfortable when you attempt to change those established patterns of behavior.

One reason disciplines like yoga, hypnosis and cognitive-behavioral therapy work as psychological interventions is in part because they speak directly to the subconscious.

The good news is that when you learn to purposefully create new patterns that are fully absorbed by the subconscious, you can harness the power of habit and suggestion to instill new comfort zones to which your subconscious mind will adapt.

The Path to Change Runs Through the Subconscious

There are lots of metaphors for the subconscious mind: the submerged part of an iceberg, the bank in which we deposit memories, and the “engine” that keeps our bodies running.

The subconscious uses emotions, memories, core values and beliefs as filters to sift through an otherwise incomprehensible amount of external and internal stimuli, and it condenses that information to a size that you can internalize and make sense of. What you perceive as “reality” is the result of all those factors.

The subconscious is also the source of creativity, intuition, inspiration, inner acceptance, interconnectedness and what eastern religions call “enlightenment.” And, just like your body has defenses against physical injuries, your subconscious provides defenses against emotional shocks and injuries.

The conscious and the subconscious mind make a great team when you learn to use them together. The conscious mind efficiently handles tasks and engagements before sending them off the subconscious to put away, while the subconscious can offer feedback and messages about the task in the form of emotions delivered to the conscious mind.

By learning how to make the best use of these two states of consciousness, you can improve skills, absorb healthy suggestions, and have much more control over your emotions.